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Life choices 'behind many cancers'

Written By Unknown on Minggu, 28 Desember 2014 | 21.24

26 December 2014 Last updated at 02:40

More than four in 10 cancers - 600,000 in the UK alone - could be prevented if people led healthier lives, say experts.

Latest figures from Cancer Research UK show smoking is the biggest avoidable risk factor, followed by unhealthy diets.

The charity is urging people to consider their health when making New Year resolutions.

Limiting alcohol intake and doing regular exercise is also good advice.

According to the figures spanning five years from 2007 to 2011, more than 300,000 cases of cancer recorded were linked to smoking.

Key risk factors

A further 145,000 were linked to unhealthy diets containing too much processed food.

Obesity contributed to 88,000 cases and alcohol to 62,200.

Sun damage to the skin and physical inactivity were also contributing factors.

Prof Max Parkin, a Cancer Research UK statistician based at Queen Mary University of London, said: "There's now little doubt that certain lifestyle choices can have a big impact on cancer risk, with research around the world all pointing to the same key risk factors.

"Of course everyone enjoys some extra treats during the Christmas holidays so we don't want to ban mince pies and wine but it's a good time to think about taking up some healthy habits for 2015.

"Leading a healthy lifestyle can't guarantee someone won't get cancer but we can stack the odds in our favour by taking positive steps now that will help decrease our cancer risk in future."

Public Health England says a healthy lifestyle can play a vital role in reducing cancer risk. It says campaigns such as Smokefree, Dry January and Change4Life Sugar Swaps all aim to raise public awareness.


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Whooping cough 'evolving fast'

27 December 2014 Last updated at 01:21 By Emma Wilkinson Health reporter, BBC News

Whooping cough may be evolving to outsmart the currently used vaccine, say researchers.

Analysis of strains from 2012 shows the parts of the pertussis bacterium that the vaccine primes the immune system to recognise are changing.

It may have "serious consequences" in future outbreaks, UK researchers state in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.

But experts stressed the vaccine remains highly effective in protecting the most vulnerable young babies.

There has been a global resurgence of whooping cough in recent years.

In 2012, there were almost 10,000 confirmed cases in England and Wales - a dramatic increase from the last "peak" of 900 cases in 2008.

The outbreak led to 14 deaths in babies under three months of age - the group who are most vulnerable to infection.

Rising figures prompted health officials to recommend vaccination of pregnant women so immunity could be passed to their newborns - a strategy that a recent study showed was working well.

Evolving strains

But there has been much debate among experts about whether the introduction of a new vaccine in 2004 has been a factor in rising rates of whooping cough.

One issue is that immunity from the newer acellular vaccine - which contains specific proteins from the surface of the bacteria - does not seem to last as long as the previous whole cell version, leaving teenagers and adults lacking protection.

In the latest study, researchers analysed the genes coding for the proteins on the surface of the pertussis bacterium responsible for the UK outbreak.

They found proteins being targeted by the vaccine were mutating at a faster rate than other surface proteins not included in the vaccine.

Potentially it means the bacteria is changing quickly to get around immune system's defences put in place with immunisation.

What is whooping cough?

It is also known as pertussis and is caused by a species of bacteria, Bordetella pertussis

It mostly affects infants, who are at highest risk of complications and even death

The earliest signs are similar to a common cold, then develop into a cough and can even result in pneumonia

Babies may turn blue while coughing due to a lack of oxygen

The cough tends to come in short bursts followed by desperate gasps for air (the whooping noise)

Adults can be infected - but the infection often goes unrecognised

But the researchers are still trying to work out what the changes mean in reality - for example do the mutations boost the ability of the bacteria to cause infection.

"We wanted to look at strains from the UK to see if there was anything sudden that had occurred that had led to these really large outbreaks," said study leader Dr Andrew Preston from the University of Bath.

Vaccine effectiveness

The "million dollar question" he said was what, if anything, could be done to improve the vaccine - which is still the best defence we have - and prevent future outbreaks.

Options to consider include adding more or different proteins to the vaccine, adding novel adjuvants - chemicals which boost the immune response, or even revisiting the old-style whole cell vaccine, he said.

"Pertussis has a cyclical nature and other big question is are we going to see another increase in late 2015," he added

Prof Adam Finn, a paediatric immunology expert at the University of Bristol said the importance - or not - of the subtle changes found in the study was as yet unclear.

"But the control of pertussis is a significant worry," he added.

Only 60% of pregnant women have had the pertussis vaccine and we should be doing more to raise awareness of its benefits, he said.

"There is very good new evidence that vaccinating pregnant women protects their babies. And the group we really want to protect is newborn babies," he said.


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Police should target drunks - A&E boss

28 December 2014 Last updated at 13:12

Police should crack down on binge drinking to stop hospital staff being distracted by disorderly drunks, a leading doctor has said.

Dr Clifford Mann, president of the College of Emergency Medicine, said the "softer approach" used for anti-social drunkenness did not seem to be working.

Police could instead increase arrests, convictions and fines, he suggested.

Police Federation chair Steve White said the police force did not have the resources for such an approach.

'Wasting resources'

Crime prevention minister Lynne Featherstone said the government was "determined to tackle alcohol-fuelled harm", which she said cost society around £21bn a year.

The coalition had improved the powers available to the police and licensing authorities to tackle alcohol-related crime, and had banned the "worst cases of very cheap and harmful alcohol sales", the Liberal Democrat MP said.

A drunk man being treated

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BBC News spends a night on Norwich's SOS bus as peak Christmas Party season gets under way

Speaking to the BBC, Dr Mann said: "All I am saying at the moment is the softer approach - where we don't any longer arrest many people for being drunk and disorderly - certainly doesn't seem to be working."

He said the number of people arriving at A&E units while drunk was increasing year on year, while the number of licensed premises in the UK was also increasing and alcohol was getting cheaper.

"I think these people, by the nature of the disorder, they are distracting medical and nursing staff from looking after other patients and therefore are wasting public resources," he said.

"I think they therefore fall into the category of being drunk and disorderly in their behaviour and the police can act to take them away."

Matter for education?

But Mr White told the BBC that cuts to the police force had left 16,000 fewer officers in the country so a "zero tolerance" policy was impossible.

He said police were also frustrated with having to deal with drunk people, and cells were already full with people in similar conditions every Friday and Saturday night.

He added that courts, social services, ambulances and the government all had a role to play in reducing the number of people getting drunk and disorderly - and not solely the police.


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Life choices 'behind many cancers'

Written By Unknown on Sabtu, 27 Desember 2014 | 21.24

26 December 2014 Last updated at 02:40

More than four in 10 cancers - 600,000 in the UK alone - could be prevented if people led healthier lives, say experts.

Latest figures from Cancer Research UK show smoking is the biggest avoidable risk factor, followed by unhealthy diets.

The charity is urging people to consider their health when making New Year resolutions.

Limiting alcohol intake and doing regular exercise is also good advice.

According to the figures spanning five years from 2007 to 2011, more than 300,000 cases of cancer recorded were linked to smoking.

Key risk factors

A further 145,000 were linked to unhealthy diets containing too much processed food.

Obesity contributed to 88,000 cases and alcohol to 62,200.

Sun damage to the skin and physical inactivity were also contributing factors.

Prof Max Parkin, a Cancer Research UK statistician based at Queen Mary University of London, said: "There's now little doubt that certain lifestyle choices can have a big impact on cancer risk, with research around the world all pointing to the same key risk factors.

"Of course everyone enjoys some extra treats during the Christmas holidays so we don't want to ban mince pies and wine but it's a good time to think about taking up some healthy habits for 2015.

"Leading a healthy lifestyle can't guarantee someone won't get cancer but we can stack the odds in our favour by taking positive steps now that will help decrease our cancer risk in future."

Public Health England says a healthy lifestyle can play a vital role in reducing cancer risk. It says campaigns such as Smokefree, Dry January and Change4Life Sugar Swaps all aim to raise public awareness.


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Doctors warn of Loom bands danger

25 December 2014 Last updated at 02:22 By Emma Wilkinson Health reporter, BBC News

Doctors are warning parents of the need to be vigilant after a spate of children with loom bands stuck up their noses.

Although medics can usually get them out, there is a real risk children could choke on them, the Journal of Laryngology and Otology reports.

The tiny colourful rubber bands, which can be woven to make bracelets, are one of this year's most popular toys.

Emergency doctors reported four cases at one hospital in a week.

Continue reading the main story

It's not necessarily dangerous if they are stuck up the nose, but when objects are small enough they can go backwards and be inhaled or choked on"

End Quote Dr Donald MacGregor Paediatrician

The team at the Monklands hospital, in Scotland, urged parents to keep a careful eye on young children playing with loom bands.

They said an inhaled loom band or clip could prove fatal.

Noses or ears

Dr Iain Bohler, a surgical registrar and report author, who has since moved to New Zealand, said while it was common for children to turn up at hospital with small objects in their noses or ears, medics had only started to see this with loom bands fairly recently.

"Often foreign bodies are removed with little more than distress to the child, however, in the worst case scenario, they can lead to blocked airways, cardiorespiratory arrest and death."

Dr Bohler said that loom bands could be a lot of fun, unleashing children's creative minds.

"I would however stress with utmost sincerity, the need for parental vigilance in supervising young children playing with loom bands, or any other toy or item with small parts."

Global craze

Rainbow loom, the plastic device for weaving the small bands, was invented in 2011.

The craze for making them into jewellery and even items of clothing has taken off worldwide.

Celebrities including the Duchess of Cambridge and David Beckham have been spotted wearing loom band bracelets.

Two of the children reported by Dr Bohler had inserted one of the s-shaped hooks - used to complete loom band bracelets - into their nose. One child ended up swallowing it after initially choking.

The other two young children had managed to get loom bands stuck in their nasal passages.

Local anaesthetic and crocodile forceps were needed, with the children becoming very distressed at attempts to get the objects out.

Dr Bohler said: "Should any parents be remotely concerned their child has swallowed or inhaled any object, they must contact emergency services immediately."

Dr Donald MacGregor, spokesman for the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, advised parents to be aware that "small objects will always get into places you don't want them to be with young children."

He called for families to ensure they knew what to do in the event of choking.


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Whooping cough 'evolving fast'

27 December 2014 Last updated at 01:21 By Emma Wilkinson Health reporter, BBC News

Whooping cough may be evolving to outsmart the currently used vaccine, say researchers.

Analysis of strains from 2012 shows the parts of the pertussis bacterium that the vaccine primes the immune system to recognise are changing.

It may have "serious consequences" in future outbreaks, UK researchers state in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.

But experts stressed the vaccine remains highly effective in protecting the most vulnerable young babies.

There has been a global resurgence of whooping cough in recent years.

In 2012, there were almost 10,000 confirmed cases in England and Wales - a dramatic increase from the last "peak" of 900 cases in 2008.

The outbreak led to 14 deaths in babies under three months of age - the group who are most vulnerable to infection.

Rising figures prompted health officials to recommend vaccination of pregnant women so immunity could be passed to their newborns - a strategy that a recent study showed was working well.

Evolving strains

But there has been much debate among experts about whether the introduction of a new vaccine in 2004 has been a factor in rising rates of whooping cough.

One issue is that immunity from the newer acellular vaccine - which contains specific proteins from the surface of the bacteria - does not seem to last as long as the previous whole cell version, leaving teenagers and adults lacking protection.

In the latest study, researchers analysed the genes coding for the proteins on the surface of the pertussis bacterium responsible for the UK outbreak.

They found proteins being targeted by the vaccine were mutating at a faster rate than other surface proteins not included in the vaccine.

Potentially it means the bacteria is changing quickly to get around immune system's defences put in place with immunisation.

What is whooping cough?

It is also known as pertussis and is caused by a species of bacteria, Bordetella pertussis

It mostly affects infants, who are at highest risk of complications and even death

The earliest signs are similar to a common cold, then develop into a cough and can even result in pneumonia

Babies may turn blue while coughing due to a lack of oxygen

The cough tends to come in short bursts followed by desperate gasps for air (the whooping noise)

Adults can be infected - but the infection often goes unrecognised

But the researchers are still trying to work out what the changes mean in reality - for example do the mutations boost the ability of the bacteria to cause infection.

"We wanted to look at strains from the UK to see if there was anything sudden that had occurred that had led to these really large outbreaks," said study leader Dr Andrew Preston from the University of Bath.

Vaccine effectiveness

The "million dollar question" he said was what, if anything, could be done to improve the vaccine - which is still the best defence we have - and prevent future outbreaks.

Options to consider include adding more or different proteins to the vaccine, adding novel adjuvants - chemicals which boost the immune response, or even revisiting the old-style whole cell vaccine, he said.

"Pertussis has a cyclical nature and other big question is are we going to see another increase in late 2015," he added

Prof Adam Finn, a paediatric immunology expert at the University of Bristol said the importance - or not - of the subtle changes found in the study was as yet unclear.

"But the control of pertussis is a significant worry," he added.

Only 60% of pregnant women have had the pertussis vaccine and we should be doing more to raise awareness of its benefits, he said.

"There is very good new evidence that vaccinating pregnant women protects their babies. And the group we really want to protect is newborn babies," he said.


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Planned NHS cash changes spark anger

Written By Unknown on Kamis, 25 Desember 2014 | 21.24

24 December 2014 Last updated at 12:13
Generic image of staff in a hospital

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"The plan is to pay a reduced fee to hospitals for each extra patient they take on", reports Hugh Pym

Hospital specialists have hit out at plans to reduce funding for specialised operations and treatments NHS trusts provide, including some cancer care.

Some 345 specialists have written to NHS England saying the changes could mean longer waiting lists and avoidable deaths, the Daily Telegraph reports.

Under the plans, centres treating more patients than expected would receive just half the extra treatment costs.

NHS England says these services have already seen a big increase in funding.

Lower income

The body channels taxpayers' money to the select NHS trusts that provide specialist services for conditions such as uncommon cancers, burns and medical genetics.

Its proposals - due to come into force in April - aim to curb a growth in spending in this area.

NHS England says providers had seen their incomes rise by more than £1bn over two years.

Curbing this growth in spending would free up resources to be used on other services including care for mental health patients, ambulance provision, casualty departments and GP care.

Analysis: Hugh Pym, BBC Health Editor

It's another illustration of a central question about the future direction of the NHS - what should priorities be at a time of rising demand for care and more sophisticated medical technology and treatment becoming available?

NHS England have taken a decision to shift some resources from specialised provision, including some complex cancer surgery, to areas which they feel are in need of more funding, such as mental health. In effect it has a cake, agreed with the Department of Health, and it has decided to slice it differently from next year. There is no plan to cut specialised services, rather to pay hospitals less for each new patient they take on.

Hospitals and their consultants are understandably upset that their income for new work will be lower than they expected. They warn that patients will suffer as waiting lists for treatment will get longer. Why, they argue, should people needing cancer treatment lose out at all?

No final decisions have been reached. The haggling will continue over the next few weeks. Whatever the outcome, the debate about a health service with finite resources but ever-increasing demands on it won't go away.

However, the letter quoted by the Daily Telegraph says the proposals will leave hospitals with a choice of treating patients and incurring a financial loss, or not treating them at all.

"The clinical consequences of these longer waiting times and a lower quality service to patients with conditions such as heart disease, liver disease, leukaemia, complex cancers etc will be severe," it reportedly says.

Continue reading the main story

Each patient should get the treatment they need where and when they need it, instead of essentially robbing one part of the system to pay for another"

End Quote Dr Mark Porter British Medical Association council chair

"There will inevitably be avoidable deaths as patients die on waiting lists or find that their disease has progressed during the wait for treatment, to the point that it is no longer curable."

A consultation period ends on Wednesday with a final decision expected early next year.

NHS England said in a statement: "We will listen carefully to all consultation responses on these proposals, while recognising that providers of specialised services have enjoyed income increases of over £1bn over the past two years."

Dr Mark Porter, of the British Medical Association which represents doctors, said: "This is a way of putting into action the latest round of NHS cuts, but the funding changes ignore the underlying problem that those hospitals facing unprecedented levels of demand are being forced to provide patient care at a loss, pushing more and more into deficit and collapse.

"The BMA believes that each patient should get the treatment they need where and when they need it, instead of essentially robbing one part of the system to pay for another."

Andrew Gwynne, Labour's Shadow Health Minister, said NHS England needed to listen carefully to the hundreds of hospital consultants who had raised serious concerns about funding plans for specialist services.

"These proposals could put lives at risk and harm patient care."

He said it was right to move appropriate services out of hospital, into the home and community setting.

"That is how we can reduce pressure on hospitals and allow them to deliver the specialist services that need to be done in the hospital."


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Doctors warn of Loom bands danger

25 December 2014 Last updated at 02:22 By Emma Wilkinson Health reporter, BBC News

Doctors are warning parents of the need to be vigilant after a spate of children with loom bands stuck up their noses.

Although medics can usually get them out, there is a real risk children could choke on them, the Journal of Laryngology and Otology reports.

The tiny colourful rubber bands, which can be woven to make bracelets, are one of this year's most popular toys.

Emergency doctors reported four cases at one hospital in a week.

Continue reading the main story

It's not necessarily dangerous if they are stuck up the nose, but when objects are small enough they can go backwards and be inhaled or choked on"

End Quote Dr Donald MacGregor Paediatrician

The team at the Monklands hospital, in Scotland, urged parents to keep a careful eye on young children playing with loom bands.

They said an inhaled loom band or clip could prove fatal.

Noses or ears

Dr Iain Bohler, a surgical registrar and report author, who has since moved to New Zealand, said while it was common for children to turn up at hospital with small objects in their noses or ears, medics had only started to see this with loom bands fairly recently.

"Often foreign bodies are removed with little more than distress to the child, however, in the worst case scenario, they can lead to blocked airways, cardiorespiratory arrest and death."

Dr Bohler said that loom bands could be a lot of fun, unleashing children's creative minds.

"I would however stress with utmost sincerity, the need for parental vigilance in supervising young children playing with loom bands, or any other toy or item with small parts."

Global craze

Rainbow loom, the plastic device for weaving the small bands, was invented in 2011.

The craze for making them into jewellery and even items of clothing has taken off worldwide.

Celebrities including the Duchess of Cambridge and David Beckham have been spotted wearing loom band bracelets.

Two of the children reported by Dr Bohler had inserted one of the s-shaped hooks - used to complete loom band bracelets - into their nose. One child ended up swallowing it after initially choking.

The other two young children had managed to get loom bands stuck in their nasal passages.

Local anaesthetic and crocodile forceps were needed, with the children becoming very distressed at attempts to get the objects out.

Dr Bohler said: "Should any parents be remotely concerned their child has swallowed or inhaled any object, they must contact emergency services immediately."

Dr Donald MacGregor, spokesman for the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, advised parents to be aware that "small objects will always get into places you don't want them to be with young children."

He called for families to ensure they knew what to do in the event of choking.


21.24 | 0 komentar | Read More

Sierra Leone declares Ebola lockdown

25 December 2014 Last updated at 09:02

Sierra Leone has declared lockdown of at least three days in the north of the country to try to contain the Ebola epidemic.

Shops, markets and non-Ebola related travel services will be shut down, officials said.

Sierra Leone has already banned many public Christmas celebrations.

More than 7,500 people have died from the outbreak in West Africa so far, the Word Health Organization (WHO) says, with Sierra Leone the worst hit.

Sierra Leone has the highest number of Ebola cases in West Africa, with more than 9,000 cases and more than 2,400 deaths since the start of the outbreak.

The other countries at the centre of the outbreak are Liberia and Guinea.

State of emergency

Alie Kamara, resident minister for the Northern Region, told AFP news agency that most public gatherings would be cancelled.

"Muslims and Christians are not allowed to hold services in mosques and churches throughout the lockdown except for Christians on Christmas Day", he said.

No unauthorised vehicles would be allowed to operate "except those officially assigned to Ebola-related assignments" he added.

The lockdown would operate for at least three days but this could be extended if deemed necessary, officials said.

Sierra Leone has been in a state of emergency since July.

The outbreak began a year ago in the West African country of Guinea, but only gained international attention in early 2014.


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Three e-cigarette TV adverts banned

Written By Unknown on Rabu, 24 Desember 2014 | 21.24

24 December 2014 Last updated at 06:44

Three television adverts for electronic cigarettes have been banned, just weeks after the rules were changed so people could be shown using them.

Two of the adverts featured a woman exhaling vapour which, according to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), appeared to glamourise the smoking of tobacco products.

Another was said to be encouraging non-smokers to take up e-cigarettes.

The ASA had received more than 200 complaints about the adverts.

Since November, manufacturers have been allowed to advertise the use of electronic cigarettes on TV, as long as they do not promote tobacco or target non-smokers or young people.

Critics of so-called e-cigarettes argue that the devices may encourage people to see smoking as acceptable.

Vapour focus

Two adverts for Must Have, which trades as VIP Electronic Cigarettes, showed a woman exhaling vapour - known as vaping - as a voiceover recommended "the great taste of VIP".

The ASA received 199 complaints, including some from organisations such as Ash (Action on Smoking and Health), the Association of Directors of Public Health UK (ADPH) and the British Medical Association (BMA).

Must Have argued that the adverts stated the product was an e-cigarette, which they said made it clear that no tobacco was being promoted.

But although the advert did not mention tobacco, the ASA ruled that close-ups of the woman exhaling drew particular attention to the vapour.

The ASA said: "We considered that the manner in which the vapour was exhaled and the heightened focus on this action created a strong association with traditional tobacco smoking.

"Because the ads presented it, as the central focus of the ads, in a sultry and glamorous way, we considered that they indirectly promoted the use of tobacco products."

'Irresponsible' advert

In a separate ruling, the ASA banned a Vape Nation advert for encouraging ex-smokers to use e-cigarettes.

The clip promoting KiK e-cigarettes featured a group of adults using and discussing the devices, with one man saying: "I used to smoke normal cigarettes, but after I quit, I tried these. I actually prefer them."

The ASA received seven complaints from viewers who argued the advert would encourage non-smokers, and particularly former smokers, to use them.

Vape Nation denied this, arguing the advert was aimed at current smokers.

But the ASA said: "We considered that the man's statement could encourage non-smokers to take up using e-cigarettes and we therefore concluded the ad was irresponsible."

It ruled all three adverts must not appear again in their current form.


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